Chicago Jazz and the Great Migration Term Paper

Chicago Jazz and the Great Migration - Term Paper Example It goes without a word that history on the record can never disappear whatsoever especially the one that cling on the mind. In this respect, jazz and the great migration are histories that people still relish and cherish. They form tremendous memories to people, particularly, of Chicago. In the 20th century, blacks began to move from southern cities to the North in search of decent living. The movement was facilitated by availability of train that provided easy access to the famous Chicago, as well as other northern cities. The mass movement came about after the World War I started in Europe and no foreign workers could immigrate to America. Therefore, many blacks migrated to Chicago and other cities located in the North. It is the most influential newspaper of the black called the Chicago Defender that encouraged this great migration. Thus, through the newspaper blacks thought that the North could be the land of freedom for them. In fact, some blacks would refer it as ‘the pro mised Land. They had suffered a lot in the course of slavery and had a high quest for liberty (Grossman, James R.79). It is through this mass movement that jazz musicians found their way to the North. The jazz musicians came to northern of Chicago on Mississippi riverboats. It was after the closure of New Orleans in Storyville district, in the year 1917. The jazz migration formed a portion of the mass movement experienced in Chicago. From Mississippi river, jazz entered Chicago through the Illinois Central Railroad over the 12th street station. The Railroad is situated 200 miles from Mississippi river in the eastern direction where the riverboats had docked. The mass movement was called The Great Migration. The migration was mainly composed of African Americans that moved from south to north of Chicago. The immigrants came to Chicago for the same whys and wherefores that other people in the world migrated to other

Euthanasia - A Kantian Perspective Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Euthanasia - A Kantian Perspective - Term Paper Example The world is divided over the moral issues involved in taking the life of a person. Some people see no moral violations in allowing mercy killing whereas some others especially the believers in religion and God argue that only the creator has the right to take the life back of his creations. This paper briefly analyses the moral issues involved in euthanasia with the help of Kantian perspectives or moral theories of life. According to Kant, suicide was an action that violates moral responsibility. He believed that the proper end of rational beings requires self-preservation, and that suicide would, therefore, be inconsistent with the fundamental value of human life. Nobody has so far succeeded in creating an artificial life in a laboratory set up even though science and technology advanced a lot. The above fact itself clearly shows the value and preciousness associated with life. Kant believed that humans have the duty or the mission of managing his resources in the physical world and he has no right to intrude into the spiritual world. Nobody knows from where we come and where we go after death. But everybody knows that only the physical body will be destroyed after death whereas the spirit/soul which drives the human body may not have an end even after death. Kant believed that human being has a special place in the creations of god and hence morality is the core of every action or duty performed by a human being. Since man cannot have absolute surety in what is going to happen in the next moment, it is his mission to do his duty and don’t bother about the outcomes. In other words, the man comes to this earth for a temporary assignment and he is not sure about his mission in the past, present and in future. â€Å"According to Kant, every rational being exists as an end in himself and not merely as a means to be arbitrarily used by this or that will†.

To Kill A Mockingbird Themes

To Kill A Mockingbird Themes One of Harper Lees strongest themes throughout the novel To Kill a Mockingbird is certain characters being judged by their external appearance rather than who they really are. This false judgement is portrayed through pure prejudice that damages not only societys sight, but also their thoughts and actions. This prejudice and misjudgement can be compared to a foggy window where society fails to see past the fog and therefore, also fails to see past the characters illusory appearances. Throughout the novel, Maycombs community ages to believe that ones appearance plays a much larger role in a persons judgement rather than their true reality. This false accusation creates a barrier between the truth and peoples assumptions. As a result, not only does Maycomb fail to understand why others like, Mr. Raymond and Boo Radley live the way they do but in the process, also decline any chance to relate to characters such as, Tom Robinson. When Maycombs society buried their memories of Boo Radley , sent an innocent man to his death sentence and forced another to live in a world of lies, they grew to judge men by their appearance rather than learning the silent reality of their lives. Appearance versus reality is a huge issue throughout To Kill a Mockingbird. In each chapter, prejudice occurs in a constant cycle whether it is aimed at an innocent black male, a scared boogeyman, or a drunken traitor. The book displays every aspect of how people can look through the foggy window and see things completely different than what they truly appear to be. Dolphus Raymond states that it is easier for people to handle differences when they have a reason to explain it; therefore, he pretends to be an alcoholic. As for Boo Radley, a man the entire world has feared for 30 years brings Scout to tears when she realizes that this same man had protected and saved her life. If every person goes one-step further to wipe this window clean, people like Boo Radley, Raymond Dolphus, and Tom Robinson would not have to be judged by the kind of people they appear to be, but rather the kind of people they were raised to be. All his life, Boo Radley was isolated from the rest of society due to his strange ways and choices of lifestyle notably unfamiliar to the norms of Maycomb. Rumours that Boo Radley is a mean person are common in society and cause nothing more than misjudgement and prejudice upon the deprived character. After falling into a bad crowd as a teenager and ignoring all chances of assertiveness, he is brought up in front of the most heartless judge in the novel, the town of Maycomb. Boo becomes a central figure in the imaginations of Scout, Jem, and their neighbour Dill, and thus becomes their summers playground where they attempt to play-role his life and lure the poor character out of his home. However, despite his history of being abused by his father, Boo reveals to be a gentle soul through his secreted acts. The gifts he leaves in the tree, his sewing of Jems torn pants, the blanket he puts around Scout the night of the fire, and finally, his rescue of the children from Bob Ewells vicio us attack, are all just bountiful acts both the readers and characters fail to see up until the end of the novel. In addition, the Radleys keep very much to themselves, a nature very different from the usual life Maycomb is used to. The Radleys welcome anywhere in town, kept to themselves, a predilection unforgivable in Maycomb. They did not go to church, Maycombs principal recreation, but worshiped at home. (Lee, 9) All his life Boo Radley decides to stay quiet and pay no attention to the dirt piling up on his personal and family life. Society fails to see through the foggy window of Boo Radleys life and without any attempts to appreciate his deeds, turns this character into an imaginary boogeyman. As a reason to help society understand his habits and strange ways, Mr. Raymond spends most of his drunken life living behind a wall of lies and pure pretend. In the segregated crowds outside the courthouse, with a bottle of whisky and a history of marrying an African- American woman, Dolphus sits with the African-Americans and minds his own business. Throughout a large part of the novel, readers are to believe that Mr. Raymond is a man of pitiful foolishness and only wrong. Through the eyes of someone far from the foggy window, Dolphus is nothing more than a drunken man who ruined his life and most importantly reputation by marrying a black woman, an act indescribable in the town of Maycomb. As Mr. Dolphus was an evil man I accepted his invitation reluctantly (Lee, 204) However, as one comes closer to this window, he realizes that Mr. Raymond is not a drunk after all and only pretends to have whisky in his bag so Maycomb will have something to latch on to, in order to understand his actions. In reality, Dolphus has Coke in his paper bag and his drunkenness turns out to be a put-on. Mr Raymond describes prejudice as the simple hell people give other people. (Lee, 205) He explains to Jem and Scout why he does it: When I come to town à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ if I weave a little and drink out of this sack, folks can say Dolphus Raymonds in the clutches of whiskey thats why he wont change his ways. He cant help himself, thats why he lives the way he does (Lee, 204). Mr. Raymonds double life shows Scout the settlements people have to make, in order to live in communities where they are not quite accepted or where peoples first assumptions encrypt a lifelong definition on others. Racial prejudice cost Tom Robinson his life, as he is found guilty without any sign of justice or pity. In our courts when its a white mans word against a black mans, the white man always wins. Theyre ugly, but those are the facts of life. (Lee, 224) Tom is a black man accused of raping a white woman, a crime that is punishable only by a death sentence. However, even though all the facts prove that he did not do it, the jury still found him guilty and did everything in their power to put this innocent man behind bars, not knowing it will become his deathbed. The justice system did not allow this man to have a fair trial because of the color of his skin. They disregarded his integrity because all they could focus on was what the window let them see, and what stood out first; his skin color. Instead of digging deeper into the case, everyone refused to know the truth because it would simply not make sense. As a result, withought any further attempt to figure out the truth, Tom Robinsons life was determined by his appearance.

Dangers And Destructions Of Floods And Hurricanes :: essays research papers

Dangers and Destructions of Floods and Hurricanes Floods and hurricanes have been effecting the lives of people around the world for years. This research paper is going to state some of the worst floods and hurricanes, and how future ones can be controlled. A flood is an overflow of water on dry land. The two types of floods are coastal and river floods. Coastal floods are the first topic in this research paper. A coastal flood is the flooding of beaches and surrounding areas; including bar spits and deltas. They can be effected by tidal waves and coastal currents. Coastal floods can cover a large amount of distance along a shore. The length of time a coastal flood is dangerous is usually very short. It depends on how high the tide is which goes up and down twice a day. When the velocities of hurricane winds become severe the height of the waves become three or more feet higher than the previous high tide. Coastal floods can be caused by a number of things. Coastal floods can be caused by runoff, hurricane waves, tsunami (seismic sea waves), and hurricane rains. Coastal flooding can not only take part on oceans but it can also take part on lakes. Coastal flooding can be a great danger because coast lines are very densely populated areas. In the United States in the early 1990's 50% of the population was on a coastal county.1 Although they shrink before reaching shore, wind generated waves have been spotted to be as high as 30 m (100 ft) in the middle of the ocean.2 In 1970 a major storm in the Bay of Bengal produced heavy seas that flooded regions of East Pakistan, killing about 200,000 people.3 River flooding can happen a number of ways. The causes are rain, snowmelt, and ice jams. Soil can not absorb as much water with continuos moistening. The longer that precipitation lasts the more water flows into streams as runoff. Cloudburst floods only last for a couple hours, but they need a large amount of rainfall. This usually only happens in mountainous areas. They are called flash floods. Floods occurring from snowmelt and ice jams do not have to be preceded by heavy rains. Moderate amounts of rain can make things even worse because the ground does not absorb it. Floods can result in the failure dams, aqueducts, weirs, landfills, paving, construction, and storm sewers. They are artificial causes. In 1993 when rainfall lasted from April until July in Iowa, Illinois, Minnesota, Missouri, Wisconsin, South Dakota, Nebraska, and Kansas, it covered about 16 billion acres.4 Many deaths and $10 billion in damage was the result

In Cold Blood Comparison And Contrast

The novel â€Å"In Cold Blood† by Truman Capote focuses on two main characters, Dick and Perry, that murder a family, try to escape and are eventually caught by the police. Throughout the story the author shows off both characters differently towards the reader, he displays Perry as a sympathetic character and displays Dick as being a dick. Truman Capote first came across the story of the murders by reading about it in newspaper, he then decided to article about it for the New York Times, before finally deciding to write a book.The author had many reasons to write the book his mains purpose was to make himself famous, while creating a new genre, and informing the audience about the murders that happened in Holcomb. In the book the author presents two representations of the same time span, one through the perspective of dick and another through the perspective of Perry. While giving the readers the story through two different perspectives the author uses a strong choice in lang uage. In the first representation from novel the author wrote â€Å"Deal me out, baby,’ Dick said.‘I’m a normal. ’ And Dick meant what he said. He thought of himself as balanced, as sane as anyone—maybe a bit smarter than the average fellow, that’s all. But Perry—there was, in Dick’s opinion, ‘something wrong’ with Little Perry. † The authors language in this tries to show Dick using Perry as a foil for his own self-image, often making him seem unimportant for his more eccentric, â€Å"childish,† or feminine qualities, in comparison with which Dick convinces himself that he is â€Å"normal.Another thing the author shows in the first representation is Dick’s pride in himself, which is made clear when the author wrote â€Å"he thought as balanced, as sane as anyone—maybe a bit smarter than the average fellow, that’s all†. Throughout the first representation the authors tone s ounds descriptive and condescending, he describes Dick’s attitude while also looking down upon it and not really giving any reason to his actions unlike his tone toward Perry, the first representation is done very well, in my opinion it is because the author goes into great detail describing what Dick does while sometimes being humorous.The second representation of the time span focuses on the perspective of Perry; it shows how Perry saw the events that took place during that time. In the second representation Capote shows Perry as a more sympathetic character, in the book the author wrote, â€Å"Then he heard dick say, ‘Deal me out, baby. I’m a normal. ’ Wasn’t that a horse’s laugh? But never mind, let it pass. ‘Deep down,’ Perry continued, ‘way, way rock-bottom, I never thought I could do it. A thing like that. † This quote shows an attempt by the author to make Perry seems like a better person, and a more sympathe tic character to improve his image.The author also tries to give depth to Perry’s character in the representation, the author wrote â€Å"And at once he recognized his error: Dick would, Of course, answer by asking, ‘how about the nigger? ’ When he’d told Dick that story, it was because he’d wanted Dick’s friendship, wanted dick to ‘respect’ him, think him ‘hard,’ as much ‘the masculine type’ as he had considered dick to be. † This quote shows how Capote tries to improve Perry’s image because he tries to give reasons to Perry’s actions even though they were bad, by doing so the audience gains an emotional appeal towards Perry and think of him as a better person than Dick.The author shows further sympathy to dick when he himself tries to explain Perry’s action, he wrote â€Å"But if the man was dead today it was none of Perry’s doing; he’d never raised a hand aga inst him. For all he knew, King might still be lying in a bed somewhere†, this passage shows how much Capote connected with Perry compared to how he did with Dick, even his tone in the second representation was very different from that of the first. In the second representation, the author tone was still descriptive but was more sympathetic, and remarkably Capote had a way to make Perry look good even though he was the actual killer of the Clutter family.There are many similarities and many differences between the way author presented the two perspectives even though they are of the same time span. Although the way the author presented the two perspectives are very different, there are also many similarities, some similarities are, he gives the same story and often used the same quotes in both representations, in the first representation the author wrote â€Å"Mountains. Hawks wheeling in a white sky. † In the second representation the author also wrote â€Å"Mountains . Hawks wheeling in a white sky. † This was very important because it helped the reader understand what the author was doing.Another similarity between the two representations is the way the author displays the morality of the characters, in both representations he displays Perry as a more sympathetic character and displays Dick as very proud character. The differences between the way the author presented the two representations, one difference is the tense he used in each representation, in the first representation he uses past tense when giving the story in the perspective of Dick, while in the second representation he presents the story in present tense when giving the perspective if Perry.Another difference is the way he portrays each character, this is very important because it helps the reader understand how the author felt towards each character. In conclusion the way the author presents the same time span from the perspective of Dick Hickock and the perspective of Perr y Smith throughout in Cold Blood helps reader understand the connection he had with Dick and also Perry. He also shows that Even though the two may believe that they need each other and that they are similar in each and every way, they each put their own personal profit above one another whether it is for small change, sex, or even as far as death.The author includes the same time span from the point of view from each character to point out how Dick uses Perry as a foil for his own self-image, often belittling him for his more eccentric, â€Å"childish,† or feminine qualities, in comparison with which Dick convinces himself that he is â€Å"normal,† Perry, on the other hand, prides himself on being â€Å"exceptional,† sensitive, even â€Å"artistic† in comparison to Dick. However, each man looks to the other for affirmation of his own masculinity, Dick latching onto Perry for his â€Å"killer instincts,† and Perry yearning for Dick to think him â⠂¬Å"hard, as much the ‘masculine type’ as he considers Dick to be.

Mha 601

Name: Erika Hernandez MHA601:    Principles of Health Care Administration Professor: Alisa Wagner Date: March 4, 2013 Avoiding Errors in Healthcare Management The health care organizations, managers develop new ways to address these errors among the postmodern and complexity adaptive systems (CAS). Managers must develop strategies for advantages of learning that if change is applied to our management skills in which is being implemented by the postmodern and complexity adaptive systems to become production. They are being faced with many challenges in any situation at our everyday employment or job setting.They must be able to determine what is correct when making decisions while knowing and learning to do what is right for the health care organization. In this assignment, I will cover the ten error scenarios and the explanation on why they are errors in healthcare management organizations. The first error that I will explain is failing to accountability for employee to learn safe machine operation methods by experimenting on their own. This error will allow them to exclude a step by step process, which a step by step process is what makes the organization operate at its best.I believe that the employees will benefit and develop their own way of processing these machines operations to better their job performance. Keeping a minimum routine can reduce the quality of product. The second error is training all employees with the same orientation program regardless of the cultural interpretation. In the United States, we live in a huge diverse world as time changes and also we retrieve the information given to us differently as well as how we interpret the information. The main point of managers is not to compare or contrast any situation, but to correct the way of everyone’s training.Our text mentions, postmodern and complexity adaptive system that both of them address problems between what people observe and what they think things should be. The next erro r is disciplining one employee, expecting a modest change in behaviour but getting a union response. The quality of relationships within a healthcare organization may be more important than the quality of the people, because healthcare organizations are essentially relational in their structures, processes, and functions (Stroebel, 2005).Healthcare organization relies greatly on the influence of the employees to establish a great relationship within the organization. An example would be having a great relationship with the patients and families as well. Another error is changing a work process without considering the role of communities of practice on the work performance. In this error, the employee with a disciplining can be a reflection of a change in the work place setting. We as managers must develop strategies on any change without the employees initiating and the outcome could be to better the organization.Healthcare management plays a huge important role that for them to kno w what their role is and how to execute their role and to receive the best outcome is hard work. The next error that I will discuss in addressing is assuming that employees will not reallocate work assignments based on their perception of the best arrangement even after receiving work allocation assignments from managements. If managers do not receive the correct information in the allocated time, they do not understand the dynamic of satisfying our clients.Being organized is the most important thing that can be handled properly to assure the best way for our organization. Another error is ignoring the speed of informal messages as they fail to manage rumours in a productive manner. We can provide an environment of psychological safety that will help workers develop an attitude toward innovation that enables them to act with a presumption of personal and professional confidence (Edmondson, 1996). This error can mean generating a negative energy throughout the health care organizatio n and by providing positive environments can create positive production.The next error is failing to treat the organization’s dominant logic as an emergent property of the system, instead treating it as something that can be imposed on the system. In this error, we must prepare ourselves of what is we are going to receive as sometimes we do not want to know what the outcome really would be. In our hospital, we are having some of these errors that now they are being planned to better our organization for the best of the employees. Next, we have looking for one bad apple in a group as a strategy for improving work quality while the quality of output may be an emergent property of the group can also be an error.This can lead to paying attention to the irrelevant things that exist in the organization. For example, we set up control systems and end up watching the control system instead of the systems (Weick, 1985). The fact that the release of the any new product may change the m arket in such a way as it makes the market analysis incorrect. Our world is continuously change the ability to respond creatively to market analysis can lead to unexpected situations either to any healthcare setting organizations.I think by creating an environment where the whole people would feel free to discuss both the positive and negative outcomes of unintended events, and where the sharing of ideas is seen as a way to leverage new things in unexpected ways. Complexity science and postmodernism concentrate on â€Å"transforming the space of the possible. †    (Johnson, 2010). The last error of discussion is offering a premium to internal workers for extra production without expecting the change in rewards structure to affect relationship with suppliers.This is an error that provides incentives for the internal workers to provide production. Great managers are about making changes to bring the best out of our workers and giving them a pat on the back as to showing them what a good job they have been doing and recognizing their employees. Considering different ways on expecting and assuming what is giving this can open the organization up to better planning in the future. In conclusion, these ten scenarios as errors can lead to critical concerns within an organization that managers must develop strategies for advantages of learning.Managing healthcare organization requires being creative and helping people to do good things. Any decision making can be a key component to operating a great healthcare organization. As the change is applied to our organization the management skills will be implemented to the postmodern and complexity adaptive systems to become productive in the organization. References Edmondson, A. C. (1996). Learning from mistakes is easier said than done: Group and organizational influences on the detection and correction of human error. J Applied Behavior Science. 32(1):5–28. Johnson, J. A. (2010).Health organizations:    Theory, behavior, & development. Boston: Jones and Bartlett. ISBN: 9780763750534 Weick, K. E. (1985). Cosmos vs. chaos: Sense and nonsense in electronic contexts. Organ Dyn. 14(2):51–64 Bird, K. , Kundu, A. & de Lujan Perez, G. (2010). Using Deming’s principles to create the next generation of healthcare leaders. The Journal for Quality and Participation, 33(2), 15. Retrieved from the ProQuest database. Swedish, J. (2009). Leadership: Meeting the demands of the times. Frontiers of Health Services Management, 26(2), 31. Retrieved from the ProQuest database.

Women Authors as Mirror of Society Paper Essay Example

Women Authors as Mirror of Society Paper Essay Example Women Authors as Mirror of Society Paper Paper Women Authors as Mirror of Society Paper Paper Daisy Miller for The Portrait of a Lady and Edith Wharton who is commended for The Bell Jar, both of whom writers specified a critic on the patriarchal system dominating the social arena (Ward, 2007). e. ) Women’s role during the industrial age has changed and became more involved in a wider realm further than their respective homes.In records, women have joined the labor force and additionally became impressively involved in different and varying contexts of social reformations. The height of feminist eminence during the time was in the temperance interest group particularly through the Womans Christian Temperance Union or the WCTU (Canada, 2002) . As these liberalistic and social confrontations of women began to widely attain a surface in history, feminist conviction to elect likewise peaked its stature.Gradually then did the womens role in the society, whether through social or political unravels, gained boldness in the American ground. Significantly for Canada (2002) femi nine contributions are well-marked on the quarter of education wherein an intrepid number of higher scholastic disciplines went coed or better yet had founded schools exclusively for women. d/f) It is apparent then how women have managed to gain courage and fight for their own rights and places in the society where they felt should accept them as equal with men. Such persistent effort changed the literary representations of women from a completely less inferior creature to a more becoming and more powerful icon in the society.Politically, women are already thriving their way up just as the way they have succeeded in the literary endeavors. Women who have engaged in literature and politics have gained fame and power, freedom from and equality with men. It also allowed them to exercise and assert their rights and privileges as a completely equal human being with the breeds of men. However, orientation from the politics somehow inhibits the freedom of a woman because there are politica l norms and various factors that may influence the pure thinking of femininity, unlike in literature, where the bounds they can control is limitless. g. )On the other side, there is an apparent difference between how a male portrays a woman and a female portraying a woman. Once the pen is in the hand of the man, the woman in character is harassed by only pinning out her most negative personality. According to KyraDean (2007), Editha by W. D. Howells acknowledged the main female character Editha as a conceitedly, self-absorbed dreamer who submissively loves her partner. Such act of selfishness was only attributed to women only at the time. Charles Chestnut also regarded the same philosophy to women.In his The Wife of His Youth, he depicted the female character Liza as a total naive and illiterate. In contrast and discrimination with Liza’s former co-slave at a plantation, Mr. Page # 5 Ryder was shown and described to have climbed the social ladder. Such presentation manifested how women were put beneath the shoes of men (KyraDean, 2007).ReferencesCanada M. , 2002, Postbellum American Literature, Publication retrieved on 04 Sept 2007 from uncp. edu/home/canada/work/markport/lit/amauth/spg2002/postbell.htm KyraDean, The Oppression of Women in American Literature from the Civil War to World War II , Publication retrieved on 05 Sept 2007 from planetpapers. com/Assets/5090. php The Social Response to Industrialization, Publication retrieved on 04 Sept 2007 from http://sparknotes. com/testprep/books/sat2/history/chapter12section3. rhtml Ward J, Women, Madness and Americal Literature, Publication retrieved on 05 Sept 2007 from geocities. com/athens/acropolis/6998/index. html0

Macrina the Elder and Macrina the Younger

Macrina the Elder and Macrina the Younger Macrina the Elder Facts Known for:  teacher and grandmother of  St. Basil the Great, Gregory of Nyssa,  Macrina the Younger  and their siblings; also the mother of St. Basil the ElderDates:  probably born before 270, died about 340Feast Day:  January 14 Macrina the Elder Biography Macrina the Elder, a Byzantine Christian, lived in Neocaesaria. She was associated with Gregory Thaumaturgus, a follower of the church father Origen, who is credited with converting the city of Neocaesaria to Christianity. She fled with her husband (whose name is not known) and lived in the forest during the persecution of Christians by the emperors Galerius and Diocletian. After the persecution ended, having lost their property, the family settled in Pontus on the Black Sea. Her son was Saint Basil the Elder. She had a major role in the raising of her grandchildren, who included: Saint Basil the Great, Saint Gregory of Nyssa, Saint Peter of Sebastea (Basil and Gregory are known as the Cappadocian Fathers), Naucratios,  Saint Macrina the Younger, and, possibly, Dios of Antioch Saint Basil the Great credited her with having formed and molded me in doctrine, passing on to her grandchildren the teachings of Gregory Thaumaturgus. Because she lived much of her life as a widow, she is known as the patron saint of widows. We know of St. Macrina the Elder primarily through the writings of her two grandsons, Basil and Gregory, and also of  Saint Gregory of Nazianzus. Macrina the Younger Facts Known for:  Macrina the Younger is credited with influencing her brothers Peter and Basil to go into a religious vocationOccupation:  ascetic, teacher, spiritual directorDates:  about 327 or 330 to 379 or 380Also known as:  Macrinia; she took Thecla as her baptismal nameFeast Day:  July 19 Background, Family: Mother: Saint EmmeliaFather: Saint BasilGrandmother:  Macrina the ElderNine or ten younger brothers include:  Saint Basil the Great  , Saint Gregory of Nyssa, Saint Peter of Sebastea (Basil and Gregory are two of the church theological leaders known as the Cappadocian Fathers), Naucratios and, possibly, Dios of Antioch Macrina the Younger Biography: Macrina, the eldest of her siblings, was promised to be married by the time she was twelve, but the man died before the wedding, and Macrina chose a life of chastity and prayer, considering herself a widow and hoping for her eventual reunion in the afterlife with her fiance. Macrina was educated at home, and helped educate her younger brothers. After Macrinas father died in about 350, Macrina, with her mother and, later, her younger brother Peter, turned their home into a womens religious community. The women servants of the family became members of the community, and others soon were attracted to the house. Her brother Peter later founded a mens community connected with the womens community.  Saint Gregory of Nazianzus  and Eustathius of Sebastea were also connected with the Christian community there. Macrinas mother Emmelia died in about 373 and Basil the Great in 379. Soon after, her brother Gregory visited her one last time, and she died shortly after. Another of her brothers, Basil the Great, is credited as a founder of monasticism in the East, and modeled his community of monks after the community founded by Macrina. Her brother, Gregory of Nyssa, wrote her biography (hagiography). He also wrote On the Soul and Resurrection. The latter represents a dialogue between Gregory and Macrina as he made his last visit to her and she was dying. Macrina, in the dialogue, is represented as a teacher describing her views on heaven and salvation. Later Universalists pointed to this essay where she asserts that all will ultimately be saved (universal restoration). Later church scholars have sometimes rejected that the Teacher in Gregorys dialogue is Macrina, though Gregory clearly states that in the work. They claim that it must have been St. Basil instead, apparently on no other grounds than disbelief that it could have referred to a woman.

Alcohol Consumption Interventions

Alcohol Consumption Interventions To investigate how interventions may work we will look at the effects of alcohol consumption on individuals and populations, and draw attention to the search for policies that protect health, prevent health problems such as liver cirrhosis, cardiovascular disease and disability, and address the social problems associated with the misuse of alcohol consumption. What alcohol policy is why it is needed, which interventions are effective, how policy is made, and how scientific evidence can inform the policy-making process? Also looking at why the higher the average amount of alcohol consumed in a society, the greater the incidence of problems experienced by that society. We will access the policy responses that are considered to reduce alcohol consumption: alcohol taxation, legislative controls on alcohol availability, and age restrictions on alcohol purchasing, media information campaigns, school-based education, community action programs, and treatment interventions. Considering the i nfluence of environments that people live in, effects of cultures and social norms that define the appropriate uses of alcohol. The value of population thinking in alcohol policy, and its ability to identify health risks and suggest appropriate interventions comparing different intervention strategies in terms of their effectiveness, and the ever-changing process that needs to constantly adapt to the evidence of new research results and tested intervention if it is to serve the interests of public health. One of the biggest determinants to alcohol consumption is the advertising and marketing of alcohol products by the drinks industry. The extent and the nature of alcohol marketing will be examined to illustrate its effects on consumption, cultures and social norms. We will show that more evidence is needed to progress education as a viable intervention. Showing evidence that the majority of the population, alter their damaging drinking through the phenomenon of spontaneous remission , maturing out or self change. It is good practice to learn from the past to plan for the future, the control of alcohol production, distribution, and consumption, has been around for thousands of years, such as requiring that all wine be diluted with water before being sold, these were devised by monarchs, governments, and the clergy to prevent alcohol-related problems. But it was not until the rise of modern medicine and the emergence of the world Temperance Movement in the 19th century that alcohol policy was first seen as a potential instrument of public health. Between 1914 and 1921, laws prohibiting the manufacture and sale of all or most forms of beverage alcohol were adopted in the United States, Canada, Norway, Iceland, Finland, and Russia (Paulson 1973). Most of these laws were repealed during the 1920s and 1930s, and replaced by less extreme regulatory policies. To view alcohol policies through the narrowly focused perspective of prohibition, however, is to ignore the fac t that most policy-making during the past century has been incremental, deliberate, and respectful of people’s right to drink in moderation.: Alcohol control policies in public health perspective (Bruun et al. 1975), Sponsored by the World Health Organization (WHO), the monograph drew attention to the preventable nature of alcohol problems and to the role of national governments and international agencies in the formulation of rational and effective alcohol policies.

Community Needs Assessment for the Population of Little Havana Essay

Community Needs Assessment for the Population of Little Havana - Essay Example Little Havana is an urban area in the Miami city setting as characterized by a robust street life, good restaurants, several enterprises, parks, banks and a few cigar factories. The housing structures are mainly apartments although there are other housing structures. Physical Environmental Considerations General Identifying Data Little Havana is a neighborhood in west of downtown Miami in Florida, in the Miami-Dade County. Like the rest of Miami, Little Havana is an area in a larger plain topographically, with the Miami River forming its boundary to the North (Miami.gov.com, 2010). The climate of the larger area, city of Miami, is described as semi-tropical although there are a few extreme weather conditions due to hurricanes. The annual average rainfall is usually about 60 inches, with the months of July and August being both the hottest and the wettest. Most of the days are sunny but neither humid nor hot, and nights are characterized by cool temperatures. Boundaries and Area Little Havana’s boundaries are the Miami River in the north, SW 16th Street in the south, the SR 9/West 27th Avenue westwards and I-95 in the east. It has also been said to extend as far west as LeJeune Road/West 42 Avenue when taking considerations of the demographics that describe the area. The area occupied by Little Havana is officially cited as 4.208 square miles although the area is said to extend for example westwards (Miami.gov.com, 2010). Environment In terms of sanitation, Little Havana is served by the Miami-Dade County Water and Sewer Department. Since the major form of housing is composed of apartments, Little Havana’s water, sewer services, garbage considerations follows these lines. In this regard, it is observed that most of the apartment owners pay for water supply, sewer and trash removal. The Little Havana community is thus not in hazard from lack of water supply, sewer and garbage collection. The other consideration is pollution which has to take in to account the not only the larger Miami city area but also the state of Florida. First, Miami-Dade County ranks in the upper percentile in terms of water and air toxicant releases. Florida is also home to 7 of seven air polluters under watch from the federal EPA. Although, most of the figures are still below the harmful levels, the state and thus the residents in Little Havana are exposed to averagely higher levels of releases than the national averages. The pollution index for the Little Havana neighborhood is 43,296,200, whereas for the state of Florida the figure is 16,442,453 and the national average is a significantly lower 6,623,939. This means that the Little Havana community is at greater risk than the rest of the USA from chemical releases that include ozone depleting substances like 1,1-dichloro-1-fluoroethane and cancer risk substances such as chromium (Scorecard, 2011). A consideration closely related to overall pollution is the air quality. As discussed earlier, Florid a has 7 factories under the watch-list of federal EPA, and although the air is clear and odorless, particulate releases are present including ash and carbon. The Air Quality Score for Little Havana (also for Miami and the rest of Florida) is 33, while the national average is 37. Due to this, the residents of Little Havana are subjected to averagely higher risks of carcinogenic, developmental, immunotoxicant and skin toxicants than the rest of the USA (Scorecard, 2011). Little Havana and the wider state of Florida has stable food supply from the sea, farms and processed sources. Little

Business marketing report Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Business marketing report - Case Study Example The gist of this is the need for an effective marketing plan that carefully takes into consideration all of the available data, with the end goal of helping MMG achieve its yearly revenues target of $1 million, or a turnover of 100 guitars on a monthly basis (Finnbogason). II. Discussion A. Analysis of the Case Facts The total guitar market in Canada is $59 million, and the revenue targets of MMG accounts for a small fraction of that, indicating a certain amount of realism in the sales targets, given that the MMG play is purely online. The total market is made up of 2.5 million people, while the sales target is 1,200 guitars annually out of total potential sales of 146,000 acoustic guitars. Again this numerical target is realistic, and is just a small fraction of all unit sales in the country. Meanwhile, among age groups, those between 15 and 24 years and over 55 years had the most leisure time, and they are natural potential target markets for guitars, as a leisure product (Finnboga son). China is the traditional manufacturing base for MMG, but given a one percent increase in tariff and rising labor costs and transport logistics costs, there is some concern whether China remains viable moving forward. Scale is a factor in this decision, and given that MMG only moves 1,200 units a year by target, there is the question of whether the scale is significant enough that any upward movements in labor costs, shipping costs, and tariffs would be material increases in the cost structure of MMG, given profit margins exceed 50 percent of costs, as projected for the new dreadnaught product to be launched in June of that year (Finnbogason). That MMG guitars suffer from a quality perception problem over the fact that its guitars are made in China., even though its guitars in actuality are of high quality and are preferred by seasoned musicians even in TV-broadcasted blind tests, is not a deal breaker, and can be assuaged and managed with advertising. In this sense endorsement deals help. Likewise, word of mouth can be a powerful form of endorsement from ordinary players who become customers as well. In other words, this problem of quality perception is not really a major problem, assuming that the right marketing interventions are implemented in the context of a holistic marketing plan for all of MMG (Finnbogason). The table on pricing reveals that the two Summer Wages models have thinner margins than the premium Signature Dreadnaught model, which has a margin of 40 percent. The two basic models sell at $799 for the Tofino model and $899 for the Dionisio model, with margins at 30 percent and 35 percent respectively. In terms of sales contribution currently the premium model accounts for 50 percent of sales, and the latter two models 40 percent and 10 percent respectively. All of the models are substantially cheaper than respective competing models from other makers. On the other hand, the new product launch would make the sales mix different from the ab ove status quo, with the new mahogany-based dreadnaught model taking market share from the premium line and from the Dionisio line, to take up 25 percent of all revenues,

Mandatory Soft Body Armor Safety Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Mandatory Soft Body Armor Safety - Essay Example Organizational theory gives a conceptual framework on how organizations should be structured and how people will be integrated into it for effective performance. The basic objective of a theory is to explain the nature of organization and help to predict how it would behave under various circumstances (Tosi p 6). OT analyzes the structure and process of the organization by describing the effects of different variables on the behavior of people of the organization. It therefore gives a theoretical basis for managers to be able to predict the behavior and therefore design the organization to influence their behavior to meet the goals of the organization. A highly centralized and formalized (mechanistic bureaucracies) type of organization would be best suitable when various tasks to be performed is well-understood, unchanging and how to best execute is clearly spelt out. On the other extreme there may be organizations which do a high level of non-routine tasks (research), where there is no well defined or right way of doing defined, but has to be done through innovation and intuition. These may require highly decentralized organizational struct ures with empowered teams with powers suitably delegated. Contingency theory gives insight to managers on design of organization when facing different situations. Management decision making at various levels be it corporate strategy level decision making (how to design organizational process), functional level such as marketing (how to align operations with its strategy), IT and communications (how to design information systems) and Human Resources (how to fix compensation structure, training) will all need a conceptual understanding of organizational theory. Decision making on organizational structure and design, be it for the entire organization or for specific functional areas, can be made better, if concept of organizational theory is well understood. Organizational Behavior Organizational Behavior is concerned about the individual in the organization within the context of an organization. Human capital is an important resource in the organization and a manager has to get the best from it he needs to understand human behavior in organisations. Concepts of individual personality, traits, and abilities will help management in their decisions at the time of recruitment, promotion and making career development plans for its employees. It will help management decide on the best fit for various positions. Enlightened managers understand that an employee, very often, perceives management action affecting him as something quite different from what management intended it to be. An appreciation of one of the concepts of OB, perception, will help a manager to understand such situations better and come out with better decisions. Attitudes can significantly influence the behavior of person at work. Management is constantly worried about attitudes of its workers towards its policies and decision making on pay, compensation and rewards. Positive employee attitude is a

How lean management can be applied to a grocery retailer Essay

How lean management can be applied to a grocery retailer - Essay Example This is due to the limited resources; however, small businesses such as small grocery store can incorporate lean thinking in establishing a new business, expansion of the existing business or in placement of other branches in other regions. This paper discusses how a small grocery store owner can use lean thinking for the benefit of the business as well as of the clients. Generally, the application of the lean approach in the context of a small business such as a green grocery, allows the business to minimize its costs, minimize execution time, increase efficiency, reduce all types of wastes, as well as keep low inventories. Moreover, the approach contributes to attainment of customer satisfaction, enhancement of the general product quality as well as increase the management morale, in this case the grocer (Valentinova, 2015). The major objective of using lean retail is basically a commitment to the elimination of wastes. Some of the waste in the context of a grocery store include, excess supply that may result in the damage of the highly perishable products in a grocery. The grocer should ensure that the supply of products is directly proportional to the market demand. This reduces damage of some of the highly perishable products such as tomatoes, and kales. Moreover, the grocer should use preservative measures such as the use of freezers to preserve the perishable products. The owner should also ensure that the likelihood of defects of products is minimized to the lowest level possible. This can be ensured by taking all the required measures in the storage of products, for instance, while preserving perishable grocery products, the business owner should ensure that all the preservative measures are in place for instance, the refrigeration time, period and ensuring that the products are preserved in the best condition (Sen, n.d.). Moreover, the owner should avoid wastage of time

EU Law Enforcement Mechanisms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

EU Law Enforcement Mechanisms - Essay Example The paper tells that the Commission is the chief enforcement authority, with regard to competition rules, and it effects this through the Directorate – General for Competition. The Commission can initiate an investigation on its own. This could be on the basis of press reports or its investigation on the basis of the powers conferred upon it by Article 17 of Regulation 1/2003. In addition, cases arise from complaints made by individuals or admissions of having breached the rules by undertakings. Initially, the Commission will make an investigation into the claim. During the process of investigation, the Commission is empowered to direct undertakings to furnish information and conduct interviews. This measure is aimed at enabling the Commission to determine whether the undertaking has breached the law. Furthermore, the Commission has been vested with the power to search business premises and private homes, and impound pertinent documents. However, before making a search, the Co mmission has to take the permission of the national Court. Specifically, the Commission is empowered by Article 18(1) of the Regulation 1/2003 to instruct undertakings to provide information related to the infringement in question. A recent development is that the Commission relies on the statements made to it by parties. While providing information to the Commission, an undertaking runs the risk of incriminating itself. This violates the right against self – incrimination and the ECJ has accorded partial recognition to this right. Thus, this right applies to a party that has to reply under pain of fine. In case there is no fine involved, there is no such right, as the party is at liberty to ignore the direction of the Commission.8 Even if there is the possibility of a fine being imposed for remaining silent, the right is limited in extent. This was amply illustrated in the case Orkem v Commission.9 The Commission has the authority to decide whether a particular piece of info rmation is essential for establishing breach of competition rules. As a consequence, even if it has proof regarding such infringement, it can nevertheless, request for additional information.10 Such additional information could be necessary for describing the infringement in a better manner.. As such, with regard to infringements in the economic area, it cannot be assumed that an undertaking is entitled to withhold

Mandatory Soft Body Armor Safety Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Mandatory Soft Body Armor Safety - Essay Example Organizational theory gives a conceptual framework on how organizations should be structured and how people will be integrated into it for effective performance. The basic objective of a theory is to explain the nature of organization and help to predict how it would behave under various circumstances (Tosi p 6). OT analyzes the structure and process of the organization by describing the effects of different variables on the behavior of people of the organization. It therefore gives a theoretical basis for managers to be able to predict the behavior and therefore design the organization to influence their behavior to meet the goals of the organization. A highly centralized and formalized (mechanistic bureaucracies) type of organization would be best suitable when various tasks to be performed is well-understood, unchanging and how to best execute is clearly spelt out. On the other extreme there may be organizations which do a high level of non-routine tasks (research), where there is no well defined or right way of doing defined, but has to be done through innovation and intuition. These may require highly decentralized organizational struct ures with empowered teams with powers suitably delegated. Contingency theory gives insight to managers on design of organization when facing different situations. Management decision making at various levels be it corporate strategy level decision making (how to design organizational process), functional level such as marketing (how to align operations with its strategy), IT and communications (how to design information systems) and Human Resources (how to fix compensation structure, training) will all need a conceptual understanding of organizational theory. Decision making on organizational structure and design, be it for the entire organization or for specific functional areas, can be made better, if concept of organizational theory is well understood. Organizational Behavior Organizational Behavior is concerned about the individual in the organization within the context of an organization. Human capital is an important resource in the organization and a manager has to get the best from it he needs to understand human behavior in organisations. Concepts of individual personality, traits, and abilities will help management in their decisions at the time of recruitment, promotion and making career development plans for its employees. It will help management decide on the best fit for various positions. Enlightened managers understand that an employee, very often, perceives management action affecting him as something quite different from what management intended it to be. An appreciation of one of the concepts of OB, perception, will help a manager to understand such situations better and come out with better decisions. Attitudes can significantly influence the behavior of person at work. Management is constantly worried about attitudes of its workers towards its policies and decision making on pay, compensation and rewards. Positive employee attitude is a

EU Law Enforcement Mechanisms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

EU Law Enforcement Mechanisms - Essay Example The paper tells that the Commission is the chief enforcement authority, with regard to competition rules, and it effects this through the Directorate – General for Competition. The Commission can initiate an investigation on its own. This could be on the basis of press reports or its investigation on the basis of the powers conferred upon it by Article 17 of Regulation 1/2003. In addition, cases arise from complaints made by individuals or admissions of having breached the rules by undertakings. Initially, the Commission will make an investigation into the claim. During the process of investigation, the Commission is empowered to direct undertakings to furnish information and conduct interviews. This measure is aimed at enabling the Commission to determine whether the undertaking has breached the law. Furthermore, the Commission has been vested with the power to search business premises and private homes, and impound pertinent documents. However, before making a search, the Co mmission has to take the permission of the national Court. Specifically, the Commission is empowered by Article 18(1) of the Regulation 1/2003 to instruct undertakings to provide information related to the infringement in question. A recent development is that the Commission relies on the statements made to it by parties. While providing information to the Commission, an undertaking runs the risk of incriminating itself. This violates the right against self – incrimination and the ECJ has accorded partial recognition to this right. Thus, this right applies to a party that has to reply under pain of fine. In case there is no fine involved, there is no such right, as the party is at liberty to ignore the direction of the Commission.8 Even if there is the possibility of a fine being imposed for remaining silent, the right is limited in extent. This was amply illustrated in the case Orkem v Commission.9 The Commission has the authority to decide whether a particular piece of info rmation is essential for establishing breach of competition rules. As a consequence, even if it has proof regarding such infringement, it can nevertheless, request for additional information.10 Such additional information could be necessary for describing the infringement in a better manner.. As such, with regard to infringements in the economic area, it cannot be assumed that an undertaking is entitled to withhold

Hughs character Essay Example for Free

Hughs character Essay The final story, which Hugh tells, incorporates the many criticisms of Hughs character. He covers up his own failings and inadequacies as a defence mechanism and reiterates this by saying to Owen, to remember everything is a form of madness. This story is almost a turning point of Hughs character and for the audiences interruption of his character. Hugh is no longer a two dimensional caricature but a real character with human attributes, hence why we can be critical and admirable towards him. After all, Hugh is a self-educated man with a vast depth of knowledge of the Classics, speaking four languages, that we know of, Greek, Latin, Gaelic and English; nearly all of which he would have to have taught himself. He seems to be driven to share his knowledge. By teaching the Classics in his environment of rural poverty, himself a picture of poor ragged countryman, we must appreciate his drive and ability. Hugh also formed the Hedge School well as far as we know. He is attempting to educate the locals and one almost feels that he has taken the school from the hedge lines into the barn and still as an old man in his early sixties he has the ambition to move onward and upward to a new position at the new national school. He is clearly a figure in the local community who is looked up and respected by his peers and students alike. In addition, Yolland has a great deal of respect for him, calling him an astute man. Yolland almost has more respect for Hugh than Owen does because Owen continues to be critical of him and Yolland repeats, But so astute, almost placing Hugh on a pedestal. In addition, as an audience you have to respect his ability to cope with his situation, his wife has died and his sons are without a mother. It is easy to be critical of Hugh but you have to admire his ability to cope with the hard reality of the times he is living in even if that means trying to erase the past. After all he did live in an age of hand to mouth existence and he almost blocks out the reality of these hardships. His survival mechanism is a natural and human instinct. We cannot really blame him for wanting to live in an unrealistic world of Greek myth and Latin past. Neither can you chastise his drinking. His lifestyle and the stress of his situation is what drives him to drink and you cannot really fault him for that. All of these small but simple gestures that Friel incorporates into Hughs character are what make us as an audience have admiration for him. Friel does not create a stereotypical character, but a fully-rounded individual with human qualities, it is these qualities, which allow us as an audience to both admire and criticise his character.

Vargas Teaching Theory Analysis

Vargas Teaching Theory Analysis Question one What are your ideas of teaching? How does that compare with or contrast to Vargas perspective? Answer My ideas of teaching is to have a positive impact on my students in terms of their cognitive domain, affective domain and psychomotor domain. As a professional teacher, I understand that students have different learning styles and that is why my ideas of teaching and method of delivering instructions focuses on student center basically the 4Cs (collaboration, communication, critical thinking and creativity). I want students to have freedom of expression which gives room to open discussion and creativity. This boost their level of confidence and ability to express themselves out there any time. And finally, my Ideas of teaching is to challenge my students, watch them grow to their full potential, develop together for the betterment of everyone. Comparing my ideas of teaching with Vargas perspective, Vargas (2013) believes teaching is not just presenting to an empty class and we both have similar ideas on how teaching should be basically by knowing the students better, work on their behavior in every area and finally she doesnt think knowing the subject matter is a major factor on how students feel or perceive change in their attitude (p. 5). Which I totally I agree with her on this. Question two Briefly summarize Skinners perspective as it relates to behavior Answer Skinner, B.F. believed that the environment is a major determinant of behavior. Skinners perspective people have consistent behavior pattern because they have kinds of response tendencies (Vargas, 2013). He made a discover that most behavior is not the reaction to a stimulus that it depends upon its effect on the immediate environment. Vargas also stated in her book that Skinner believed that it was the consequences of individual actions and not antecedent stimulus that determined what the animals did. He called the behavior operant (p. 8). Question three What is your interpretation of Behavior Analysis? Support your answer with detail from the text. Answer My interpretation of behavior analysis is that it is a natural science that seeks to understand the behavior of individuals. Vargas (2013) explained that behavior analysis is a discipline based on the science first discovered by B.F. Skinner and the practices of operant conditioning have spread to all areas of behavior including animal training, business, clinical work, health and teaching. It is the science of behavior of humans and non-humans (p. 9). Question four How can the discussion What is a Cause (page 21), help the classroom teacher? Answer The discussion what is a cause will help the classroom teacher to focus on conditions or events on which an event or behavior depend on (Vargas, 2013). It will help teachers to learn and adopt strategies to improve behavior. Also what is a cause discussion on p. 21 will help teachers to know more about dependent and independent variables. With this, teachers will know more about the number of problems, assignment completed by the students. It will help them to sense what could be responsible for a behavior to identify functional relations between the behavior. And finally, the way the next generation behave will determine a countrys future more than any other resources within its borders (Vargas, 2013, p. 3). She believes teachers are expected to teach more while they receive more difficult students (p. 4). It is important to understand behavior of these students, it is very important to find the variables responsible for these behaviors. Vargas stated that Finding the causes becomes a search for functional relations among all the contingencies that occur in a setting (p. 22). This is exactly what is a cause discussion explained in details on page 21 of the text which will help the teachers a lot. Question five What new information did you find in chapter 2? Please explain. Answer The new information found in chapter 2 of the text behavior analysis for effective teaching is the functional relation which is a systematic relationship between dependent and independent variables. Independent variable explained as circular explanation or explanatory fiction which is a statement that has the form of an explanation, but in which the cause essentially restates the behavior to be explained while a mentalistics explanation relies on activities of a hypothesized mind to explain behavior (Vargas, 2013, pp. 22-23). Chapter 2 tries to explain more about Independent variables which buttress more points on behavior which can be circular or mentalistics. Question six What did you already know about Pavlov and his theory? After reading about Pavlov in chapter 3, what did you learn about his theory? Answer What I knew about Pavlov and his theory was that he was the one who discovered respondent conditioning and he believed that respondent behavior is controlled by a stimulus. But after reading about him from the text, I learnt that Pavlovs discovery was titled conditional reflexes instead of respondent conditioning (Vargas, 2013). The principle involves respondent behavior which occurs in response to a specific stimulus as part of a reflex. He believes reflexes consist of specific physiological reactions to a specific stimulus (pp. 8-9). What I learnt about his theory as a professional teacher is to be a good observer and a good researcher because it was due to his ability to research and observe that made him noticed something surprising about his dogs salivating before the food was put into their mouths. This is where his investigation began. As a teacher, we must research and observe what different behaviors of students must do with their learning. Question seven Define the Criticism Trap? Have you ever played a role in the criticism trap? Explain. Answer Vargas (2013) defined Criticism trap as a situation where criticizing a behavior you dislike or you wish to decrease seems to work because it temporarily decreases or stop the behavior, but criticizing it strengthens the behavior so that it occurs more frequently in the future. Yes, I had played a role. This happened to me and my wife with our little son at age 2. Anywhere we are going out, hes always excited to follow us but one thing he does is wearing his shoes or slippers the wrongly. After this, we will criticize him always for wearing his shoes wrongly, then he corrects himself and does it again and again. One day we realized criticizing him to correct him didnt work for him, so we adopted a method to correct him. Any time he wears his shoes wrongly, we will calmly correct him and once he does that, we tell him good boy or thats my boy and since then, he wears his shoes correctly and never wears them wrongly. What we learnt from the situation above is that we should praise imperfection and reward approximation the behavior we are looking for. And its working till now. Question eight How can teachers use the information found in chapter 3? Answer As a teacher, lets start from the criticism trap, we shouldnt criticize ourselves too much because in the long run, you will find yourself criticizing your students. We should learn to use praise frequently and use criticism relatively infrequently especially in the classroom. With these, we wont have problems with students. Another information here is punishment. Teachers must know the consequence of punishing a child because punishment has a bad effect on the punisher as well as on the recipients of the treatments (Vargas, 2013, p. 51). References Vargas, J.S. (2013). Behavior analysis for effective teaching (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge.

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome :: essays research papers

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). What is it? What causes it and why? Can I get it? How can I prevent myself from getting it? All of these questions can be answered. The main problem besides having AIDS, is not being educated enough to know how and why people are dying all over the world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aids is caused by a virus called the human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV. A virus is one of the smallest â€Å"germs† that cause diseases. If you have unprotected sex or share needles or syringes with an infected person, you may become infected with HIV. Specific blood tests can show evidence or HIV infection. You can be infected with HIV and have no symptoms at all. You might feel perfectly healthy, but if you are infected, you can pass the virus to anyone you may have unprotected sex or share needles or syringes with.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  AIDS and HIV are two different viruses, but HIV well eventually turn into AIDS. About half the people with HIV develop AIDS within 10 years, but between infection with HIV, the onset for AIDS can vary greatly. The severity of the HIV related illness or illnesses will differ from person to person, according many factors but mostly to the overall health of the individual. The new advances in technology are helping postpone the advancement of the disease.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lets start at the beginning. First, lets learn what AIDS is. AIDS is an acquired defect in your immune system. The passing of any bodily fluids could technically be used as a passage way for the virus. Once infected with HIV it will begin to attack your CD4+cells, commonly known as your t-cells or t-helpers and they will begin to drop in numbers. You measure the damage to your immune system by HIV and your ability to fight infection. This virus then spreads and damages your t-cells where you are left vulnerable for attack from any other diseases. A weakened immune system is very vulnerable to colds and flues. A common cold or flu that would only make me sick could be fatal to someone with a low immune system.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The first cases of AIDS were reported and recorded in 1981, by the end of 1992 more than 250,000 Americans have developed AIDS and more than 170,000 had died from it. The majority of the first case of victims that died were gay men, but now is just as prominent in heterosexual men and women.

Cather in the Rye :: Catcher Rye Essays

  Catcher In The Rye This novel is a first person narrative novel. The main character Holden Caulfield tells the novel. The first few chapters are about how the private school he attended â€Å"Gave him the axe.† for not applying himself in his classes after several warnings. Holden was pretty upset about the whole deal because he knew that his parents would be disappointed with him for getting kicked out of another school. That same night Holden got onto a fight with his roommate, now very angry Holden leaves the school earlier than he is supposed to. He catches a train to the city around eleven at night though can’t go home yet because his parents don’t know that he got the axe yet and he doesn’t fell like telling them just yet so he decides to stay in a hotel until his parents expect him home for Christmas vacation. When he arrives in the city he hops on a cab to a cheesy hotel for the night and as he is alone in his room he feels lonely and sort of depressed so he goes to the bar in the hotel for a drink. All the people in the bar make him even more depressed so he decides to call it a night. On the way to his room, in the elevator the elevator attendant offers to send him up a hooker for the night. Being a virgin Holden decides to take him up on the hooker. Once the hooker makes it up to his room he gets cold feet and decides not to have sex with her and just talk. The hooker gets mad at Holden for wasting her time and leaves. Minutes later the hooker’s pimp comes looking for money and eventually ends up beating up Holden. The following day Holden calls up an old girlfriend Sally Hues for a date. On the date they get into a minor argument with each other and Holden actually tells her that she is a â€Å"pain in the ass.† That was the end of that date. That night Holden meets an old friend at the bar and gets very, very drunk and realizes that he has spent all his money and is very depressed. He has no place to go nobody to talk to and he feels really crumby he even mentioned dying. His only other choice was to sneak home and see his sister then leave in the morning.

Problems that sikhs face practicing their religion in Britain today Essay

Sikhism was born in the Punjab area of Asia which falls into present day states as India and Pakistan the main religions of that time were Hinduism and Islam. The Sikh faith began around 500 years ago (1500 CE) when Guru Nanak started preaching a faith that was quite distinct from Hinduism and Islam. Nine gurus followed Guru Nanak and developed faith over the next centuries. Sikhism is the youngest of the six world faiths and is the second smallest of all. Sikhism was formed from Hinduism and Islam. Sikhs follow the teachings of the 10 Gurus, The Gurus (meaning religious leader) are not worshipped. Their teachings are recorded in the Guru Granth Sahib, the Sikh holy book. The 2001 census recorded 336,000 Sikhs living in Britain. Britain is becoming more and more multicultural and there are more Sikhs now than ever before. As Britain is predominantly Christian, many Sikhs face difficulties in practising their faith. Like some other religions, Sikhs are often discriminated against in Britain today. The war on Iraq brings with it an increase in hostility towards those who wear turbans making it hard for some Sikhs to show pride in their religious clothing. The turban has become an important symbol of the Sikh faith. Most Sikh men wear a turban as well as some Sikh women. Sikhs may experience slurs, isolation, hostility and sometimes even assaults just because of their appearance. Many British people are racists and are unable to accept anybody who are of a different race, this must make it very hard for Sikhs to feel normal and at ease in the place that they live. Some Sikh traditions include not cutting your hair and using tobacco. Sikhs don’t cut their hair because they believe God created you with hair so that is the way he must want you to look. In Britain some people may associate very long with being dirty and/or untidy, and this could also lead to more discrimination against the Sikhs. Male Sikhs wear turbans to cover their hair which can cause problems with certain types of jobs. Due to health and safety you have to wear a helmet/hard hat on a construction/building site. If you’re a Sikh, you are not allowed to take off your turban and the helmet won’t fit over the top of it therefore any strict Sikhs will not become builders or anything associated with construction/building sites. In older times bus conductors were made to wear caps whilst working. Men with turbans were not able to wear this hat so they were not allowed to become bus conductors. Officers in the police force are also required to wear a cap/hat whilst working. Sikhs have been turned down due to refusing to take off their turbans so that they can work as a police officer. The UK Police have spent one hundred thousand pounds trying to adapt a hat that will fit over the Sikh turban. Until then Sikhs are not allowed to join the force unless they are willing to take off their turbans. Schools in Britain teach very little on Sikhism today. The ‘network of Sikh orginisations’ expressed the views of the Sikh community that teaching of Sikhism is being pushed out even in schools where the majority of the population are Sikhs. Apart from a handful of schools there is little provision for pupils to undertake any qualifications in Sikh religious studies. There are many sport professions that Sikhs are unable to take part in such as swimming and football. As a lot of Britain are sport fanatics this must be hard for Sikhs as they cannot take part in any of it. The law has been lifted against helmets for Sikh motorcyclists, so that they can now ride bikes with just a turban on. Many Sikhs are vegetarians. This could be quite difficult in certain situations such as children in school or certain restaurants. Those who are not vegetarians will only eat meat where the animal has been killed in a certain way, unless the Sikhs know that the animal was killed correctly then they will not eat the meat. Eating in restaurants would be tricky because they’re unlikely to have killed their meat in the way Sikhs require. Sikh men and women who are full members of their religion (Khalsa) wear the five K’s. These represent the five articles of faith which distinguish individuals as Sikhs. The five K’s described under Khalsa are KESH, KANGHA, KARA, KIRPAN and KACHERA. The Khalsa was a brotherhood of fighters who would dedicate themselves to the Sikh cause and were given certain distinctive features to identify them as Sikhs. There are five of these features, which Khalsa Sikhs wear today. They are: KESH OR KESHAS: long hair usually worn under the turban to symbolise holiness. KANGA: small wooden comb to keep the hair tidy and symbolise purity. KARA: steel bracelet/bangle worn on the right wrist to protect the sword arm and symbolises eternity. KIRPAN: a small sword symbolising readiness to fight oppression. KACHA or KACHERA: shorts worn as an under garment, to symbolise modesty and sexual restraint. In Britain it is illegal to carry the kirpan identical to the original in public as it is seen as dangerous. However the ‘criminal justice act’ (1996) allows anyone to carry a blade exceeding the length of 3 inches for religious, cultural or work related reasons. The 2003 discrimination act safeguards the Sikhs to carry a kirpan. Some Sikhs wear a necklace that contains charms of the kanga and kirpan so that they do not look threatening. There is a case of a girl from South Wales who was suspended from school for refusing to remove her Kara. The school claimed that her bracelet was against school rules which were set a long time ago. The girl refused to take off her kara as she was proud to wear it because it reflected which religion she was part of. The school was taken to court over the suspension and was declared guilty of indirect discrimination. Sikh temples are known as Gurdwaras. There are not many Gurdwaras in Britain where Sikhs can go to worship. This is a difficulty for the Sikhs to practice their faith as in India part of a Sikhs ritual would include attending the Gurdwara. Religious festivals such as maghi and diwali may not be attented by certain Sikhs due to work. Some jobs may not offer them the time off as Britain is more Christianity orientated with time off for Christmas and easter etc. In Conclusion I think that being a Sikh in Britain must be difficult and hard to practice and will take some getting used to. Those who were born in Britain will not know any different anyway so they will be well adapted to the way in which they live. I think it is probably very hard for those who have emigrated from Asia to adapt to a new way of living.

Illuminate and contrast with the main story line Essay

The Subplot: Consider the significance of the subplot and examine Shakespeare’s dramatic use of it to illuminate and contrast with the main story line. Shakespeare uses the subplot in many ways; it both accents the main story line and reminds the audience of Henry’s tainted past. The subplot helps to dramatise the play through contrasting moods and movement from one view point to another, therefore this the play can be seen on many levels. This also helps to give a rounded view of events, and through comedy, acts as a form of light relief from the tension that the main plot provides, and also gives the audience a better insight into the characters and what public view is on events. This gives his character’s depth and believability because they are seen from different perspectives. Through the subplot Shakespeare has also found a vehicle to show the story line in a simple way, and it gives everyone a character that they can relate to. This means that the plays are more attractive and therefore appeal to a wider audience. The subplot helps Shakespeare to put across his message on many levels, while developing the characters and increasing the audience’s comprehension of the play. Henry V was written at a time where the people of Britain were very undecided over going to war and this served as a reminder of Britain’s courage and valour. The play was written for the purpose of conveying a perfect monarch, and trying to create the same feeling about Elizabeth I. Shakespeare also made the attempt to create a sense that unity is possible after disparity and it would therefore create a feeling of optimism among the people who saw the play. The characters that Shakespeare uses in the subplot are the lowlife companions of Henry’s youth. They are mainly cowardly thief’s, who only go to war to steal; yet we find out in a speech by the Boy that they are not talented thieves, as they sell things they have stolen for less than they are worth; â€Å"They will steal anything, and call it purchase. † (III. 2) Later in the play, Bardolf is hung because he stole from a church. This action by the King helps him to remove himself, and prove that he has moved on from his earlier antics with this group of drunken thieves. Consequently this proves Henry to be a changed king, the subplot and its characters help to show Henry as a politically good and law-abiding king. This helps to dramatise the play as Henry is now seen as a pure and judgmental king who holds the law above friendship, through this he proves that he is not a tyrant. We also see this character trait in Act One Scene Two, when he is spoken to by the French Ambassador who asks whether he can speak freely and repeat the words of the Dauphin without fear of being killed for what he has said, Henry replies to this; â€Å"We are no Tyrant, but a Christian King† (I. II) This shows how he respects that he is not above the law. He sees himself and wants to be a great King, he associates being a Tyrant as not being Christian, he throughout the play shows himself to be a Christian King. Although the common interpretation of Henry is that he is a brave, modest, focused, and humorous King is hotly contested as some people interpret him as a deeply controversial King and there are many contradictions in his actions and morals. He is depicted as a gallant, courageous and non-aggressive King, yet he invades a defenceless country and kills thousands of innocent people. He also punishes many of his former friends, while he takes no responsibility for the anguish and bloodshed that he has created. Overall Henry is a controversial king and the subplot remind the viewer that he is not a wholly moral person. The sub plot gives the play structure and serves to give light relief and to give time for the other characters to costume change, so that the characters can change into armour for the battles and such like. It is used as light relief as the tension cause by war, politics and death would not be as effective as it gives the audience a comic break form the serious tone of the main plot. Even the main characters contribute to the comic side to the play as Henry plays a trick on Williams, this also gives the character of henry a human side by showing that he seeks humour. We see the characters of the sub plot linked with Henry in their reason for going to war, Henry goes to gain land and returns with a wife. The low lives go to war to make money as they have lost the man who provided for them, yet most of them don’t return. Pistol, the only lasting survivor of henrys drinking companions returns to London no better of than when he left, and returns to the underworld. Henry returns in glory, and complete success, yet the chorus reminds the audience at the end that everything that was fought for was lost when Henrys son came to power. The sub plot puts the main story line into unsophisticated terms and this helps the main plot and themes to be transmitted to the audience. We see the characters that are involved in the sub plot, as cowardly and pathetic men who will do anything to remove themselves from danger. This is shown in Act Two Scene One when there is threat of a fight between Bardolf Pistol and Nym, yet none of them have the courage to take the first strike. At war they are also hesitant when it  comes to going into battle, Nym is the first in Scene Three Act Two. He is particularly ungallant and this in contrast to Henry’s courageous speech shows both the reality of war as the looters are part of the process of war, and that these men are cowards and this in comparison magnifies the image of Henry V as a good and virtuous King. â€Å"Pray thee, Corporal, stay – the knocks are too hot,† (III. II, Nym) This in contrast to the king’s actions, makes Henry seem brave and courageous, and helps to prove him as a reformed character, as opposed to the character that is presented of him in Henry IV part One and Two, where he is a man who fraternises with Falstaff, Bardolf, Pistol and Nym who are presented as a low life, drunkard, and cowardly. The sub plot exhibits this through the Dauphin and his criticism of Henry as an immature King who they should expect very little from. These characters help to epitomise Henry as a new man and helps the audience to remove the negative image of Henry’s past. The low life’s show the negative side of war as they are not there because they want to fight and die in glory for England. They are there to make money as Falstaff, who provided for them, is now dead. The characters represent the common man and how they struggle to survive, especially in act V where Pistol is forced to eat a leek. Fluellen is speaking in prose and this therefore shows that it is no longer language that proves achievement in life but it is his manner, valour in battle and patriotism. This is critical of Pistol as it shows how he has fallen, at the start of the play he speaks in blank verse, through the middle of the play he has spoken in blank verse as he has gone to war and is fighting for his country but when the war is over he returns to prose this shows that he has not gained from the war, and that even though he has been fighting for England he has not improved in character. Pistol is the only one of the lowlife characters that alternates between blank verse and prose, this reveals his boastfulness as a masquerade of bravery. Through this parody, we see that he is trying to be more than he is capable. The change in the style of his language suggests that war can give people a chance to be better people and breaks a chance for accelerated status, the change in Pistols language suggests that he is effected by the war but only in the short term. Henry V can also rotate between blank verse and prose this shows that he can move on many different levels, it reminds of his past and shows how he is changed. He speaks in prose when he is in disguise talking to the soldiers, and when he is speaking with Katherine. Even when Henry does speak in prose it is structured, it also gives him a chance to show what he believes truly. In his time in disguise he creates another sub plot between himself and Williams. In this sub plot we see a contrast between ideas, the ideal of kingship and that of Williams as the ordinary plainspoken Englishman. Henry moves between styles easily, and his speech has as much impact in both forms. The war gives the play a serious undertone and makes the play more real and therefore more dramatic, this accents the main story line as it backs up the idea of the hardship felt by the soldiers; â€Å"My people are with sickness much enfeebled, My numbers are lessened, and those few I have Almost no better than so many French;† Even Henry admits that they are weak, this is also backed up by the French’s point of view even though it is very over confident they call the English army; â€Å"beggared host,†¦. life so lifeless as it shows itself† The confidence of the French is massively over established and their irony contrasts with the English feelings about the battle. This is also contrasted with the English as they are rallied together by a speech made by Henry. The speech henry is sceptical about the battle, this is shown as he does not say that they are going to win, he says that they will be remembered for fighting but not because they won. He says that he is not motivated but money but by honour, and he is fighting to gain honour. He is sceptical because he doesn’t mention winning but only what will come from the battle. The sub plot contributes to the dramatic undertones, because throughout the play they are very sceptical about what is going to happen, this links them to Henry yet they deal with this emotion in different ways. Pistol thinks highly of the monarch yet he refers to him as a ‘bully’ this may mean that Pistol is very conscious that you have no choice, that all must follow him and that there is no choice in the matter. this contrasts with the main story line as most are willing to do as he says because it is the patriotic thing to do. The sub plot is an important factor in the play and therefore contributes vastly to the play as it creates another angle in the play and the plot is told from the common mans point of view. The sub plot is significant because it provides another layer to the play and creates a new level on which the audience can view the characters. Not only does it assist the portrayal of well developed and rounded characters, it gives the common a character that they can relate to as a soldier and a man who is ruled over, this helps to make the audience appreciate the play as the more involved they are in the plot the more they will be able to appreciate the complex story line and themes throughout the play. The Sub plot characters are those that featured in Henrys past, not only does this give the play a link to Henry IV part one and part two, it gives the audience a reminder of Henry’s tainted past. This provides a contrast for Henry’s change in character between the past and the present, this highlights the way that he is now a new person and has now got totally new ideals. The sub plot also illuminates the reality of war and the earnest and sombre undertone provided and the way that all the boys were killed. The sub plot is used to accent the main plot in many ways both in contrast and support.

Major Works Data Sheet Essay

In this column, choose five quotations from the text, one focusing on each of the following literary elements: In this column, analyze the significance of your quotations. Allow the following questions to guide your responses: Why is this important? What does this reveal? Why does the author say it this way? What is the tone/mood of this passage? Theme â€Å"Seek happiness in tranquility and avoid ambition.† -Victor Frankenstein This is part of the theme of the book, sometimes too much knowledge is a bad thing, like the death of Victors family members. He did not think through the consequences of creating such a creature and therefore it led to the death of his family. He now wishes that he had been happy and thankful for the life that he was living instead of attempting to alter it, because then maybe his family would still be alive. Characterization â€Å"William, Justine, and Henry – they all died by my hands.† -Victor Frankenstein This quote is an expression of the sorrow and the guilt that Victor feels for being the reason his family died. Because of the death of his family he has a very Debbie Downer outlook on life and does not end up making the monstrous creature his companion. Setting â€Å"When I looked around I saw and heard of none like me. Was I, the, a monster, a blot upon the earth from which all men fled and whom all men disowned?† – The monster, Chapter 13, page 105 The creature realizes what a monster he is, because everyone he encounters runs from him in terror. He is lonely on this Earth and wants Victor to make  him a companion in female form. Symbolism â€Å"What was I? Of my creation and creator I was absolutely ignorant, but I knew that I possessed no money, no friends, and no kind of property. I was, besides, endued with a figure hideously deformed and loathsome†¦was I, then, a monster, a blot upon the earth, from which all men fled and whom all men disowned. â€Å" -The creature, chapter 13 Sometime after being created by Victor, the creature no longer thought that he was happy and did not understand why he was alive. He tried to fit in with the world around him but everyone was afraid of him and at one point or another he just gave up on trying to fit in with society. In this quote he explains his actions and the reasoning behind them. Imagery â€Å"It was already one in the morning; the rain pattered dismally against the panes, and my candle was nearly burnt out, when, by the glimmer of the half-extinguished light, I saw the dull yellow eye of the creature open†¦Ã¢â‚¬  -Victor Frankenstein, Chapter 5 This is when Victor brings the creature to life, the creature that he has work endlessly, spending all of his time on it. This scene is used in movies to make audiences fear the monster that Victor created.

Prediction of Stall Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Prediction of Stall - Essay Example The phenomenon of stall is shown in the figure below:- Stall occur due to a number of reasons and can thus be divided into a number of types1 like power off stalls (also called approach-to-landing stalls, practiced by pilots to simulate normal approach-to-landing conditions and configuration), Power-on stalls (also known as departure stalls, practiced by pilots to simulate takeoff and climb-out conditions) and Accelerated stalls (experienced at higher-than normal airspeeds due to applying abrupt or excessive controls to aircraft and may occur in steep turns, pullups or other abrupt changes in your flight path.). Many aircraft in Flight Sim use a stall indicator to alert you when the airflow over the wing(s) approaches a point that lift cannot be sustained. The stall indicator is part of aircraft for a reason so no one should ignore it. Setup a numerical optimization procedure that can be useful to the aerodynamicist in the rapid design and development of high-lift system configurations and that can also provide derivative information regarding the influence of various design parameters (gap, overlap, slat and flap deflection angles, etc.) on the performance of the system. The variables that describe the relative elem... His aircraft experiences buffeting, uncontrollable pitching or vibrations that begin just before the stall occurs. Many aircraft in Flight Sim use a stall indicator to alert you when the airflow over the wing(s) approaches a point that lift cannot be sustained. The stall indicator is part of aircraft for a reason so no one should ignore it. Design Procedure The design calculation is an important procedure that solves two purposes as under:- Improve the take-off and landing performance of existing high-lift systems using an adjoint formulation. Setup a numerical optimization procedure that can be useful to the aerodynamicist in the rapid design and development of high-lift system configurations and that can also provide derivative information regarding the influence of various design parameters (gap, overlap, slat and flap deflection angles, etc.) on the performance of the system. Flow diagram of the above procedure is depicted as under:- Figure 3: Flow diagram of the design calculation procedure The variables that describe the relative element positioning can be used as design variables. These variables include flap and slat deflection angles, gaps, overlap, shapes of each of the elements and many more depending on method used2. Like in Continuous Adjoint Method, variables are flow-field variables and the physical location of the boundary. Then the governing equation which expresses the dependence of these variables can be written in flow field domain in form of partial differential equations. After introducing a Lagrange Multiplier and solving adjoint equations and applying boundary conditions we get gradient equation3. An active transparent stall control system utilizing sensors, actuators, and a closed-loop controller was designed and tested on a NACA 0020

Understanding and Coping with Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Understanding and Coping with Change - Essay Example Change can be planned where the activities involved are intentional and goal oriented and it can also be observed that change is mainly influenced by both internal and external factors. However, change in an organization is often met by resistance as a result of various reasons. Individual resistance to change is caused by a variety of factors such as fear of the unknown, security issues, lack of trust among the management as well habit among the employees (Baack, 2012). If carefully managed, resistance to change can be a source of functional conflict in the organization. Through resistance to change, the employees raise meaningful debate where their ideas can be taken into consideration in the decision making process in the organization. Resistance to change only becomes dysfunctional when it becomes counterproductive in the organization. In my career, I have often witnessed people resisting change mainly as a result of low tolerance to change coupled with personal interest. For instance, I used to work in a fashion and clothing shop as a till operator. We used to start work at 8:00 AM and finish at 5PM. After realising that the company was recording a significant increase in the number of sales towards closing time, the management decided to extend the closing time from 5 PM to 6PM. This was not just an ad hoc arrangement since proper measures were taken in order to establish the impact of such proposed change to the operations of the whole organization. Indeed, there were benefits likely to be derived from implementing this kind of change in the operations of the organization. For instance, the change initiative was likely to result in an increase in the number of sales. This meant that the revenue collected through the operations of the organization would be improved. Through intolerance of change, it was realised that some sections of the organization were against this proposed change. Some people argued that this change will negatively impact on